Types of Hypertension:

1. Primary (Essential) Hypertension: This type doesn’t have a specific cause but develops over many years and is influenced by genetic factors, poor diet, lack of exercise, and lifestyle factors such as stress.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type is caused by an underlying condition, such as kidney disease, thyroid problems, or sleep apnea. Certain medications like birth control pills or over-the-counter pain relievers can also contribute to secondary hypertension.

Risk Factors:

• Age: The risk of developing hypertension increases as you age.
• Family History: A family history of high blood pressure can increase your risk.
• Obesity: Being overweight puts additional strain on the heart.
• Lack of Physical Activity: Regular physical activity helps keep blood pressure under control.
• Diet: A diet high in salt, fat, and cholesterol can lead to high blood pressure.
• Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure.
• Smoking: Tobacco use can damage blood vessels, leading to higher blood pressure.
• Stress: Chronic stress can contribute to elevated blood pressure.
• Sleep Apnea: Untreated sleep apnea can lead to high blood pressure.

Symptoms:

Often referred to as a “silent killer,” hypertension usually has no obvious symptoms, which is why it can go unnoticed until it causes significant damage to the heart or other organs. Some people may experience:

• Headaches
• Shortness of breath
• Nosebleeds
• Dizziness or fainting

Complications:

If left untreated, hypertension can lead to serious health problems, such as:

• Heart Disease: Including heart failure, heart attack, or an enlarged heart.
• Stroke: High blood pressure is a leading cause of stroke.
• Kidney Damage: Hypertension can damage the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney failure.
• Vision Loss: Damage to blood vessels in the eyes can lead to blindness.
• Aneurysm: High blood pressure can cause blood vessels to weaken and bulge, potentially leading to life-threatening ruptures.

Diagnosis:

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken during a medical examination. A blood pressure reading is given as two numbers:

• Systolic (the top number) should be less than 120.
• Diastolic (the bottom number) should be less than 80. A reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher is generally considered high blood pressure.

Treatment:

1. Lifestyle Changes:

   • Diet: Eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat foods. Reducing sodium intake is crucial.
   • Exercise: Regular physical activity can help lower blood pressure.
   • Weight Management: Losing weight can significantly improve blood pressure.
   • Limiting Alcohol: Moderating alcohol consumption can help control blood pressure.
   • Stress Reduction: Managing stress through relaxation techniques, meditation, or yoga can help.

2. Medications:

   • Diuretics: Help the body get rid of excess sodium and water, reducing blood pressure.
   • ACE Inhibitors: Relax blood vessels and reduce the strain on the heart.
   • Beta-blockers: Reduce heart rate and the amount of blood the heart pumps, lowering blood pressure.
   • Calcium Channel Blockers: Help relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure.
   • Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs): Similar to ACE inhibitors, they help relax blood vessels.

Prevention:

• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Eat a balanced, heart-healthy diet.
• Be physically active.
• Limit alcohol and avoid smoking.
• Manage stress and get enough sleep.
• Monitor your blood pressure regularly, especially if you’re at risk.